Drawing the Line at Power Lines – NYTimes.com
February 20, 2012
A blog about energy and the environment.
U.S. Pushes to Cut Emissions That Speed Climate Change – NYTimes.com
February 18, 2012 1 Comment
U.S. Pushes to Cut Emissions That Speed Climate Change – NYTimes.com.
U.S. Pushes to Cut Emissions of Some Pollutants That Hasten Climate Change
By JOHN M. BRODER
Published: February 15, 2012
WASHINGTON — Impatient with the slow pace of international climate change negotiations, a small group of countries led by the United States is starting a program to reduce emissions of common pollutants that contribute to rapid climate change and widespread health problems.
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton plans to announce the initiative at the State Department on Thursday accompanied by officials from Bangladesh, Canada, Ghana, Mexico, Sweden and the United Nations Environment Program.
The plan will address short-lived pollutants like soot (also referred to as black carbon), methane and hydrofluorocarbons that have an outsize influence on global warming, accounting for 30 to 40 percent of global warming. Soot from diesel exhausts and the burning of wood, agricultural waste and dung for heating and cooking causes an estimated two million premature deaths a year, particularly in the poorest countries.
Scientists say that concerted action on these substances can reduce global temperatures by 0.5 degrees Celsius by 2050 and prevent millions of cases of lung and heart disease by 2030.
“This is very much in the win-win category — good on climate at the same time that it’s good on health, food production and energy,” said Todd D. Stern, the State Department’s special envoy for climate change.
“It’s not a negotiation over who takes what targets,” he said, “but a voluntary partnership aimed at producing tangible results in a relatively short period of time.”
The United States intends to contribute $12 million and Canada $3 million over two years to get the program off the ground and to help recruit other countries to participate. The United Nations Environment Program will run the project.
Officials hope that by tackling these fast-acting, climate-changing agents they can get results quicker than through the laborious and highly political negotiations conducted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, or U.N.F.C.C.C. That process, involving more than 190 nations, grinds on year after year with incremental political progress but little real impact on the climate.
At the most recent United Nations climate summit meeting, in Durban, South Africa, negotiators agreed to try to produce a binding global climate change treaty by 2015, to take effect after 2020. Many scientists say that irreversible damage to the atmosphere will be done before then.
Soot, methane and hydrofluorocarbons, which are used in foam and refrigerants, have a short life span in the atmosphere, measured in weeks or years. By contrast, carbon dioxide, the primary cause of climate disruption, persists in the atmosphere for thousands of years — and its effects are much more difficult to mitigate.
Researchers have identified about a dozen ways to significantly control black carbon and methane emissions. Soot can be reduced by installing filters on diesel engines, replacing traditional cookstoves with more efficient models, modernizing brick kilns and banning the open burning of agricultural waste. Methane can be captured from oil and gas wells, leaky pipelines, coal mines, municipal landfills, wastewater treatment plants, manure piles and rice paddies.
The new initiative will provide money for developing countries to reduce short-acting pollutants and will try to raise additional public and private funds for new mitigation projects. Drew T. Shindell, a senior climate scientist at NASA’s Goddard Institute on Space Studies, said that attacking short-lived climate agents could have immediate impacts.
“From a political point of view,” he said, “what’s really appealing about these measures is that a lot of the benefits are realized by those that take the action. If you reduce these emissions in the developing world, it’s the developing world that gets most of the benefits, by stabilizing rainfall and improving public health.”
Durwood Zaelke, president of the Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development, said that the initiative, if expanded and adequately financed, would have more impact on the climate than the United Nations climate change negotiations, at least in the near term.
“This is a formal declaration that we’re opening a second front in the climate war,” said Mr. Zaelke, who has been agitating for action on fast-acting climate change agents for years.
“We’d be fools to count on the U.N.F.C.C.C. for our salvation, though I wish it well,” he said. “This is a complement, not a substitute.”
Do We FrackSempronius?
February 17, 2012
Do We FrackSempronius?. Personal blog of a Town Board Member
FOCUS | No Fracking Way: Protesters Block Frac Sand Mining Operations
February 17, 2012
FOCUS | No Fracking Way: Protesters Block Frac Sand Mining Operations.
No fracking way: protesters block frac sand mining operations
by Jake Olzen | February 15, 2012, 3:24 pm
On Monday, nearly forty people blocked truck traffic from entering “Mount Frac”—the Winona, MN dumping site for silica sand mined in Wisconsin and Minnesota’s beautiful driftless region before being shipped out for hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking,” sites all over the country. In the twenty or so minutes that protesters blocked the site, eleven semi-trucks were held up; it was stark and visceral reminder of how much the frac sand industry has grown since last summer. There were no arrests made, although police warned that any future attempt to block the trucks would result in citations and/or arrest.
The activists—a diverse group of students, scientists, teachers, musicians, parents, farmers and other concerned citizens—issued a statement declaring their opposition to frac sand mining and fracking:
We stand here today because this is our community. We grow our food on this land and drink from these aquifers. We rely on this bridge and these roads. Frac sand mining and processing are not good for our community. We also know that our valuable sand is being used in the hydraulic fracturing process which is responsible for poisoning water and destroying land in countless other communities. We have used our words time and again to express our many concerns. Now, in the spirit of nonviolence, we use our bodies to say stop. Please, stop.
This was the second time in less than a week where frac sand operations were disrupted. Last Thursday, a group of nine—mostly Catholic Workers—blocked truck traffic for more than twenty minutes before leaving the site without any citations or arrests.
Silica sand, formed by pieces of crystalline silica, is idealized by fracking companies for the drilling of natural gas because of its hardiness and shape. A well is drilled and millions of gallons of water, sand and chemicals is pumped into it. The sand can withstand intense amounts of pressure as natural gas escapes from the fissures that the sand holds open. There are a whole host of controversial issues surrounding fracking for natural gas as well as silica sand mining. Critics of fracking have noted that the liquid-injection mixtures are deadly compositions of unknown chemicals and carcinogens. Fracking companies have refused to disclose their “recipes” but aquifers, wells, and streams have been polluted at high rates around fracking sites in Colorado, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. Some waters have been poisoned so badly that homeowners can light their faucet taps on fire and are forced to truck in their water. And while there are no natural gas deposits in Wisconsin or Minnesota, where the silica sand is being mined in open pits, both processes have major physical and environmental health concerns.
Issues concerning the mining of frac sand were widely expressed at the Winona City Planning Commission meeting on Monday evening. The Planning Commission is set to give recommendations to the City Council for how to deal with sand processing and transportation facilities that are knocking on Winona’s door. The planning commission prepared a document recommending a conditional use permit but many Winonans felt it did not go far enough. Residents’ concerns included blasting with explosives in the mines, excessive water use, increased truck traffic and more than usual wear and tear on local infrastructure such as roads and bridges, dust pollution, and, most worrisome, health hazards due to environmental exposure to crystalline silica.
Andrew Puetz, General Manager at Chrysler Winona—whose new, two million dollar dealership was relocated to downtown Winona as part of an economic revitalization attempt—spoke about the “economic fallout” his company is experiencing as a result of increased frac sand operations and traffic: “The sand affects the paint, air filters, and underside of the cars. We are regularly asked by customers about what color our cars are and are spending $2,000 a month just to keep them clean. There are serious effects on the exterior of our vehicles [from the sand]; what is that doing to our lungs and everything else?”
Proponents of frac sand mining—in Winona, Wisconsin, and elsewhere—emphasize the important economic development opportunities that it offers to small communities. But who is really benefiting? And at what cost? Out-of-state corporations, like the Houston-based, Fortune 500 EOG Resources, has its hands in townships along the Mississippi River. The frac sand boom is dependent on another exploitative extractive industry and the Energy Information Administration has concluded that there is significantly less natural gas available in the United States than previously though—up to fifty percent less. Are rural communities being hoodwinked by what some state and corporate leaders have dubbed a “gold rush?” Frac sand mining does not seem to be wise long-term or sustainable economic development. The communities along the Mississippi, due to the glacial drift that also created the silica sand deposits, have some of the highest concentrations of organic agriculture and family farms in the country. Tourism also accounts for much of the region’s income with its preponderance of local and state parks for birding, hiking, biking, cross-country skiing, and watersports. As a result local entrepreneurs—restaurateurs, artists, bar and cafe owners, specialty shops—also benefit. Frac sand mining and its related operations threatens the vitality of those industries by driving up the cost of rural real estate and contributing significant amounts of pollution, traffic, and blight. Yet the Winona Chamber of Commerce backs the frac sand industry over the broad economic interests of small business owners and the health and safety of the community.
Dr. Bruno Borsari, professor and biologist at Winona State University, called for a team of experts to be put together who could rigorously and objectively study the impacts of frac sand operations in town and assess the effects it would have on soil, air, water and health. “We are on the brink of collision with an impact upon the environment that is going to change the connotations of the county forever,” said Borsari, “and I am very disturbed because Winona County, whether you know it or not, is the most biodiverse county in the whole state of Minnesota.”
One thing is clear—the City of Winona is unprepared to deal with a powerful industry as well as a mobilizing citizenry. Last spring, frac sand mine owners and operators were able to sneak through plans without public input and with little oversight from regulatory agencies. Now, Winona is inundated with frac sand operations and the city has on its hands, in the words of Winonan Mike Leutgeb-Munson, “a public safety disaster that is perpetuated by the town laying out a welcome mat to industry to destroy our bridge and our town.” His sentiments were met with approving nods by most of the room. The fears of frac sand operations, largely confirmed by what has happened in other towns and counties, like Chippewa County, Wisconsin, are that the floodgates are opening and it is not going to be good for most businesses, homeowners, farmers, residents, and tourists.
“There are thousands of trucks in surrounding counties waiting to get in here” said Mary Ann from Buffalo County, WI—just across the river from Winona. “We need to mitigate the damage because this is just the beginning.” Winona is an attractive transfer point for the sand because of its location on the Mississippi River and its access to freight trains.
Many counties in Minnesota—including Goodhue and Wabasha County—have passed a one year moratorium to study the potential effects and costs of frac sand mining. Winona County passed a three month moratorium and when it expires it will have to face permit applications or extend the moratorium. But that does not resolve the issue of increased truck traffic, including the costs of additional road maintenance estimated to be more than $1 million annually or the dangers of heavy traffic in residential areas. And neither does it address the potential health hazards of silica sand. On both issues, the City of Winona has been slow in responding. The road issue may not seem like a big deal until you realize that in 2008 the bridge on Highway 43—connecting Wisconsin’s sand pits to Minnesota’s trains and roads—was closed because of rusting gusset plates (the same plates cited in the I-35W bridge collapse). Add the extra—and unregulated—heavy truck traffic weighing on the bridge and it creates legitimate concern for public safety.
The Winona protests come just a week after the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources denied a petition by residents seeking to have crystalline silica reviewed as a hazardous air contaminant. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has this to say about crystalline silica:
The seriousness of the health hazards associated with silica exposure is demonstrated by the fatalities and disabling illnesses that continue to occur in sandblasters and rockdrillers. Crystalline silica has been classified as a human lung carcinogen. Additionally, breathing crystalline silica dust can cause silicosis, which in severe cases can be disabling, or even fatal. The respirable silica dust enters the lungs and causes the formation of scar tissue, thus reducing the lungs’ ability to take in oxygen. There is no cure for silicosis. Since silicosis affects lung function, it makes one more susceptible to lung infections like tuberculosis. In addition, smoking causes lung damage and adds to the damage caused by breathing silica dust.
There are no conclusive studies regarding the health effects for the kind of exposure the public has to silica sand. The data on silicosis has been mainly linked to close-quarters exposure over an extended period of time. But research shows that the effects of silicosis, and other airborne illnesses, can take up to twenty years to appear. The risk itself—a risk they didn’t ask for—is what has Winonans up in arms. Alison DeNio, whose home is two blocks from Mount Frac, has already noticed the ill-effects the sand particulates have had on her family’s health. Her passion echoed how, she noted, many of her neighbors feel:
The respiratory issues in my household alone, since this thing has moved into the neighborhood, is out of control. My daughter has asthma now. My son is constantly coughing. I don’t want them to be outside. Even before we knew what this stuff was, we used to go running down that road. We can’t do any of that anymore with the amount of trucks coming through their now. The trucks are out of control. They go flying by us as we are sitting there on the side of the road on our bikes, waiting. It’s aggressive and a really awful environment.
Diane Leutgeb-Munson, who was a part of both truck-blocking actions, made a powerful appeal to the planning commission: “This is a crucial moment for our community and you do have power as an advisory commission. We are all looking to you. That’s why we came here. That’s why we’ve been showing up at city meetings and county meetings. We are asking you to do more than what this document says. These are scary moments for all of us. At the end of this meeting you get a choice and we are asking you to make the right one.” The planning commission tabled their recommendation for further study. While many of the “fracktivists” want frac sand mining gone completely, it is a victory for the emerging movement. It also sends a strong signal to the industry and to town and city governments that people are watching.
It may be coincidence, but at the beginning of the meeting, planning commissioner chair Craig Porter noted that they had never had so many people show up at a meeting. A much more likely explanation is the power people have when they get engaged, show up, and—when necessary—take direct actions. Of the more than forty citizens who packed into Winona City Hall, most of them proved their willingness to fight for what they believe in earlier that afternoon at Mount Frac. And that is a powerful testament to the efficacy of nonviolent action that corporate and government authorities take seriously.
